Objective To investigate the mosquito species and the distribution of mosquito-borne viruses in some regions of Guizhou province, China, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of mosquito-borne diseases in this area. Methods Mosquitoes collected with trapping lamps were identified, mosquito-borne viruses were identified by molecular biological methods, and a phylogenetic tree of virus strains was constructed using bioinformatics software. Results A total of 27 169 mosquitoes (9 species, 3 genera) were collected in Zhongchao town of Liping county and Yangchang town of Wudang district (Guiyang city) of Guizhou province in June 2019. The dominant species was Anopheles sinensis (13 712/27 169,50.47%), followed by Culex tritaeniorhynchus (12 444/27 169,45.80%) and other species (70/27 169,0.26%). A virus strain isolated from a mosquito sample (LK6110) from Zhongchao town was identified as Japanese encephalitis virus genotype Ⅲ (JEV Ⅲ). Conclusion In this investigation, Yangchang town was dominated by An. sinensis and Zhongchao town was dominated by Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, and JEV Ⅲ was isolated from Cx. tritaeniorhynchus in Zhongchao town.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics and changing trend of scrub typhus cases in Guangdong province, China from 2012 to 2018, to predict the incidence trend, and to provide a scientific basis for evaluating the prevention and control measures of scrub typhus. Methods The data of scrub typhus cases in Guangdong province from 2012 to 2018 were collected. A descriptive epidemiological analysis was conducted. A seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) time series model was used to establish a forecasting model, which was evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted values in 2019, and the incidence of scrub typhus in Guangdong province in 2020 was predicted using the model. Results A total of 33 490 scrub typhus cases were reported in Guangdong province from 2012 to 2018, with the incidence increasing year by year, and the cases mainly occurred in June to October. The incidence was highest in the 50-60 years group; there were more cases in females than in males, and farmers (65.49%) were the dominant occupation. The ARIMA (1,1,1)(0,1,1)₁₂ model was fitted with the monthly case data; the Bayesian information criterion was 879.36; the residual sequence was white noise sequence according to the Ljung-Box test, and the adjusted R² value was 0.377. The fitting effect of the model was good. The actual value in 2019 was basically consistent with the predicted value with 95% confidence interval; the model had a good predictive effect. Conclusion The scrub typhus incidence shows an increasing trend year by year in Guangdong province. The main susceptible populations were people aged 50-60 years, females, and farmers. The ARIMA model can be used to predict the changes in scrub typhus cases in Guangdong province well, suggesting that the relevant departments should strengthen the publicity and education of key population and the epidemic prevention and control in the season with high incidence of scrub typhus.

Objective To compare the characteristics of dengue fever epidemic between Ruili and Jinghong in Yunnan province, China, and to provide a basis for the precise prevention and control of dengue fever in the two cities. Methods The information about local and imported cases of dengue fever was collected in Ruili and Jinghong, Yunnan province from 2006 to 2018, and SPSS 22.0 and R 3.6.2 softwares were used for statistical analysis. Results From 2006 to 2018, Ruili reported a total of 3 022 cases of dengue fever, of which 59.13% were imported cases (59.00% were imported from abroad) and 40.87% were local cases. Among 3 923 cases in Jinghong, imported cases accounted for 3.08% (3.01% were imported from abroad), and local cases accounted for 96.92%. The number of imported cases in Ruili was 14.77 times that in Jinghong. The imported cases in both cities were mainly 16 to 45 years old, and mostly from Southeast Asian countries, especially Myanmar. There were statistically significant differences in sex, age, occupation, and the interval from disease onset to diagnosis of either imported or local cases between the two cities (χ²=7.529, 14.169, and 201.686, all P<0.05; χ²=18.342, 43.723, and 557.247, all P<0.001; Mann-Whitney U=75 032.500 and 2 116 735.000, both P<0.001). Conclusion Most of cases of dengue fever are imported in Ruili but local in Jinghong. Authorities of the two cities should strengthen the surveillance of cases of dengue fever, promptly detect, isolate, and treat cases, and take measures to deal with the epidemic in time.

Objective To investigate the epidemic situation of dengue fever in Cambodia, the main source of imported cases to China, and the main influencing factors for imported dengue fever from Cambodia to China, and to help formulate targeted response measures and effectively prevent imported cases from abroad. Methods Dengue fever information in Cambodia from 2011 to 2019 was collected from the official website of the World Health Organization and the official account of Public Health Concerns at Frontier Ports. The information about dengue fever cases imported to China from Cambodia was extracted from the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. The number of tourists from China to Cambodia was inquired on the website www.chinaqw.com. Excel 2016 software was used to analyze the trend of dengue fever epidemic in Cambodia, the annual growth rate of the number of tourists from China to Cambodia, and the data on cases of dengue fever imported from Cambodia to China from 2011 to 2019. SPSS 19.0 software was used to perform partial correlation analysis. Results During 2011 to 2019, Cambodia had the highest incidence of dengue fever in 2019. In 2018, the proportion of cases of dengue fever from Cambodia increased sharply among total imported cases in China. In 2019, Cambodia became the main source of China's imported cases. At the same time, the number of Chinese residents visiting Cambodia increased year by year. The partial correlation coefficient between the proportion of dengue fever cases from Cambodia and Cambodia's incidence of dengue fever was 0.880 ( P=0.004); the partial correlation coefficient between the proportion of dengue fever cases from Cambodia and the number of tourists to Cambodia was 0.887 ( P=0.003). Conclusion The number of cases of dengue fever in Cambodia and the number of tourists from China to Cambodia are important factors affecting the number of imported cases in China. Chinese authorities should pay close attention to the incidence of dengue fever and the number of floating population in neighboring countries with close interactions.

Objective To investigate the species of hosts and vectors, seasonal variation, and pathogen genotypes in the natural focus of scrub typhus in Pinggu district of Beijing, China through field investigation and laboratory study, and to provide a basis for the prevention and control of scrub typhus. Methods Rat traps were placed in field every month for one year, and small mammals were captured to collect chigger mites on body surface and analyze the number, species composition, seasonal variation, and spatial distribution of chigger mites. The small mammals were dissected to collect the liver and the spleen and extract DNA from the tissue, and nested PCR amplification was used to detect the 56 kDa protein gene of Orientia tsutsugamushi (Ot). The genotype of Ot was determined by nucleic acid sequence alignment and the positive rate in small mammals was calculated. Results A total of 734 small mammals belonging to 7 species were captured from September 2018 to August 2019, among which Apodemus agrarius and Mus musculus accounted for 65.26% and 30.52%, respectively, and were the dominant species in Pinggu district. Three genotypes of Ot, i.e., Shimokoshi, Kawasaki, and Japan Gilliam, were detected in the liver and spleen of small mammals, among which Shimokoshi and Kawasaki were more common. The positive rate of Ot was 10.90% in small mammals. The positive rate of Ot was 14.86% in M. musculus and 9.30% in A. agrarius, and thus they were the main hosts in Pinggu district. A total of 31 321 chigger mites belonging to 10 species were collected on the body surface of the small mammals, and Leptotrombidium subpalpale, L. linhuaikongense, and L. scutellare accounted for 84.79%, 6.49%, and 3.63%, respectively. The seasonal variation of L. scutellare was generally consistent with that of scrub typhus cases, and thus L. scutellare might be the main vector in this epidemic focus. L. scutellare was only distributed in the mountainous area and the piedmont transitional zone of Pinggu district. Conclusion A. agrarius and M. musculus are the main hosts and L. scutellare is the main vector in the natural focus of scrub typhus in Pinggu district, and there are at least three genotypes of scrub typhus pathogens. This investigation clarifies the basic elements in the natural focus of scrub typhus in Pinggu district and provides a basis for the prevention and control of scrub typhus, but further studies are needed to investigate the vector effect of other species of chigger mites.

Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in eight provinces and municipalities of northern China (Gansu, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, and Liaoning) from 2005 to 2019, to investigate the pattern of the development of JE, and to provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control of JE. Methods A descriptive epidemiological analysis was performed for JE cases in the above eight northern provinces and municipalities from 2005 to 2019, which were collected through the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention and JE Surveillance Information Reporting and Management System. Results From 2005 to 2019, the mean annual incidence rate of JE was 0.14/100 000 and there were 390 deaths, with a case fatality rate of 7.25%. The distribution of JE expanded from 157 counties/districts in 2005 to 254 counties/districts in 2018. The number of cases from August to September accounted for 81.26% of all cases, and August and September were the peak periods for the onset of JE. The proportion of patients aged 0-14 years decreased from 54.55% in 2005 to 3.96% in 2019, and the proportion of patients aged ≥ 15 years increased from 45.18% in 2005 to 96.03% in 2019 ( χ ² _trend=998.524, P<0.001). Farmers, preschool and scattered children, and students accounted for 58.76%, 14.81%, and 12.38%, respectively. The proportion of farmers increased from 37.19% in 2005 to 79.21% in 2019. Conclusion The distribution of JE has expanded in the eight provinces and municipalities of northern China, and age distribution tilts toward high age. As for occupational composition, there is an increase in the proportion of farmers.

Objective To establish a RT-hemi-nested PCR assay for laboratory detection of mosquito-borne alphaviruses based on the universal primers of mosquito-borne alphaviruses. Methods Three universal primers of mosquito-borne alphaviruses were designed in the conserved regions based on the whole genome sequence of alphaviruses in GenBank. The RT-hemi-nested PCR assay was established using the cDNAs of Sindbis virus (SINV) and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) as templates under optimized conditions; the sensitivity and specificity of this method were validated and mosquitoes collected in the field were tested. Results The sensitivity test results showed that the lowest detection limit of SINV and CHIKV was 3×10 ³ and 3×10 ⁴ copies/µl. The sensitivity test results showed that the RT-hemi-nested PCR was only able to amplify the alphavirus. The established method was used to detect mosquito specimens collected in the field. The results showed that mosquito-borne alphavirus was not detected in all samples . Conclusion The RT-hemi-nested PCR assay established in the study is highly specific and sensitive and can be used for epidemiological survey on alphavirus infection.

Objective To investigate the effective protection time against Aedes albopictus of different concentrations of new mosquito repellent solution dissolved by different concentrations of ethanol, and to determine a suitable ethanol concentration for repellent formulation with an appropriate repellent concentration. Methods According to "Laboratory efficacy test methods and criterions of public health insecticides for pesticide registration-Part 9:Repellent" (GB/T 13917.9-2009), the stock solution of the new mosquito repellent was diluted to gradient concentrations separately with 75% ethanol (15%, 10%, and 8% repellent solutions) and 35% ethanol (8% repellent solution). Results The effective protection time of 8% repellent was 4.63 h when it was prepared with 75% ethanol, and 3.74 h with 35% ethanol. With 75% ethanol as the solvent, the effective protection time was prolonged with the increase of the effective concentration of the new mosquito repellent formulation, being 4.63 h, 5.42 h, and 6.10 h for 8% repellent, 10% repellent, and 15% repellent, respectively. Conclusion Seventy-five percent ethanol is a suitable solvent for the stock solution of the new mosquito repellent, and the repellent effect against Ae. albopictus is good at an effective concentration of 15%.

Objective To explore the spatial characteristics and correlations of different types of dengue cases in key epidemic areas of dengue fever in mainland China. Methods Spatial visualization technology was used to analyze the spatial characteristics of dengue cases in Guangdong and Yunnan provinces from 2014 to 2018, and the Spearman correlation method was used to explore the correlations between different types of dengue cases. Results Dengue cases in the study area were mainly concentrated in Guangdong and Yunnan province from 2014 to 2018, there were 46 306 indigenous dengue cases, 2 304 overseas imported dengue cases, 79 domestically imported cases, and 625 domestically exported cases. Guangzhou of Guangdong province had the most indigenous cases (39 656). Ruili of Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefecture (Dehong prefecture) in Yunnan province had the most overseas imported cases (1 640). The main source of overseas imported cases came from Southeast Asia, the most of which came from Myanmar, reaching 1 876 cases. Domestically exported cases mainly came from Guangzhou, reaching 457 cases, which were distributed all over southern provinces of China. Indigenous cases were highly positively correlated with domestically imported cases and domestically exported cases, with coefficients of 0.811 and 0.933, respectively. In Ruili, Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province, the indigenous cases were highly correlated with overseas imported cases. Conclusion Dengue cases were concentrated in Guangdong and Yunnan provinces. Indigenous cases were highly correlated with domestically imported cases and domestically exported cases. The research findings are helpful for providing strategic prevention and control programs and taking effective measures for dengue prevention and control.

Objective To investigate the density and seasonal fluctuation of ticks captured from human habitats and body surfaces of domestic animals in China, and to provide a basis for the risk assessment and scientific prevention and control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. Methods The surveillance data of ticks were collected from 45 surveillance sites in the national vector surveillance system in China, 2019. The dominant tick species was analyzed, and the density and seasonal fluctuation of ticks were compared between different habitats, hosts, and provinces. Results Among the ticks captured in 2019, Haemaphysalis was the most frequently captured genus; the number of times that parasitic and questing Haemaphysalis were captured accounted for 57.31% and 95.56% of the total catch, respectively. Among various host animals, sheep and cattle had higher tick indices (3.06 and 2.72, respectively), and ticks were also captured from dogs in rural and urban areas. The tick density in surroundings of villages (0.83 ticks/flag·100 m) was higher than that in scenic areas (0.32 ticks/flag·100 m). Among different months of surveillance, the seasonal fluctuation curves of parasitic tick index and questing tick density both showed two peaks; the index of parasitic ticks was high throughout the first half of the year and decreased after July, while the density of questing ticks peaked in June. Conclusion The tick surveillance results in 2019 show that Haemaphysalis is the most frequently captured genus. Sheep and cattle are dominant host animals of those captured ticks, while dogs, as domestic animals in close contact with human beings, should be paid attention to their tick infection. Surroundings of villages are the dominant habitat of ticks. The peak period of tick infestation is found in the first half of the year. Tick prevention and control should be carried out according to the above-mentioned key species, hosts, habitats, and time periods.

Objective To investigate the species, density, and spatio-temporal characteristics of cockroaches in human habitats and surroundings in China and the cockroach surveillance results based on the sticky trap method and visual observation, and to provide a scientific basis for cockroach prevention and control. Methods The cockroach surveillance data were collected from the national surveillance sites for vectors in China, 2019. Excel 2013 software was used to analyze the cockroach distribution characteristics of different species in different habitats, in different provinces, and at different times. Results In 2019, the surveillance results according to the sticky trap method showed that the sticky trapping rate was 5.45% and the infestation rate was 5.25%. Blattella germanica was the dominant species, accounting for 95.65% of the total catch, Periplaneta americana accounted for 2.42%, and the rest accounted for 1.93%. The surveillance results according to visual observation showed that the infestation rate of adult and nymph cockroaches was 3.63%, with 3.07% for B. germanica and 1.28% for P. americana. Farmers' markets and restaurants had high cockroach infestation rates. The cockroach infestation rate was high in South China and low in North China. The cockroach infestation rate measured by the sticky trap method was 1.45 times that by visual observation. Conclusion The national cockroach surveillance results in 2019 are conducive to the targeted cockroach control of key species in key habitats and areas, and at key times.

Objective To analyze the Aedes surveillance data of 23 project provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) in China, 2019, and to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and control of Aedes-borne diseases such as dengue. Methods The surveillance data of larval and adult Aedes mosquitoes from the surveillance sites of the 23 regions were analyzed using SPSS 18.0 software for a preliminary assessment of the risk of dengue transmission. Results In China, 2019, the mean Breteau index (BI) of Aedes mosquitoes was 3.56, and the mean mosquito ovitrap index (MOI) was 4.89. During the key months of the surveillance periods, the mean BI exceeded 10 in Zhejiang, Hainan, and Fujian provinces, and exceeded 5 in some surveillance points of Yunnan province. MOI was over 5 in Guangdong province and Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region during the key months of the surveillance periods. In Jiangxi, Anhui, Hunan, Henan, Sichuan, and Hubei provinces and Chongqing municipality, BI exceeded 5 in most months of the surveillance periods; MOI exceeded 5 in Hunan province from June to August and in Guizhou province from July to September, reaching the spreading risk of dengue. During the surveillance periods, BI exceeded 10 in Hebei province, and exceeded 5 in Shaanxi province from July to August and in Shandong province from August to September. The density of adult mosquitoes (net trap index) was more than 2 mosquitoes/net·hour in Fujian and Jiangsu provinces and Guangxi autonomous region during most months of the surveillance periods, in Hubei province from June to July, and in Shaanxi and Sichuan provinces during September. Conclusion In 2019, the densities of Aedes mosquitoes in most project provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government) of China exceed the transmission or outbreak threshold of dengue, indicating a high risk of local transmission and outbreak of dengue. Aedes surveillance and risk assessment should be strengthened continuously to ensure sustainable and precise control of Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-borne diseases.

In 2014, the nanopore sequencer MinION was released by Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT), representing the birth of a novel sequencing technology. The device is extremely portable and can carry out target detection in the field through a laptop. It is characterized by single-molecule sequencing, real-time monitoring of sequencing data, ultra-long read lengths, and low cost. It has been applied to the identification of microbial populations, whole genome sequencing, discovery of new species, etc. Although the technology has made impressive achievements in recent years, there are also some problems and challenges. This review mainly summarizes the technical characteristics and development fields of the MinION sequencer, and discusses its development prospects.

Objective To establish the mosquito vector surveillance capacity in Freetown, Sierra Leone, and to investigate local mosquito density, geographical distribution, population characteristics, and seasonal fluctuations. Methods A total of nine zones were selected as mosquito surveillance sites in the western urban and rural areas of Freetown, Sierra Leone, with at least one site in each of residential areas, general working institutions, hospitals, and livestock sheds, and mosquito trap lamps were used for surveillance. Each surveillance site had 2-4 mosquito trap lamps, which were fixed in an outdoor place protected from wind, rain, and light at about 1.5 meters above the ground. The mosquito trap lamps were placed at 1 hour before sunset and the net was collected at 1 hour after sunrise in the next morning. Then the collected mosquitoes were classified by morphological characteristics in the laboratory. Mosquito surveillance was conducted once a week from June 26, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Excel 2007 software was used for the statistical analysis of mosquito vector surveillance data. Results A total of 3 012 mosquitoes were collected, among which Culex mosquitoes accounted for 84.86% and was the dominant mosquito genus in Freetown. Compared with the western urban areas, the western rural areas had significantly higher mean total mosquito density (5.01 mosquitoes/trap·night vs 3.87 mosquitoes/trap·night), mean Anopheles density (1.28 mosquitoes/trap·night vs 0.12 mosquitoes/trap·night), and composition ratio of Anopheles (1.14%-44.53% vs 0.72%-11.90%). Seasonal fluctuations of mosquito density showed that in Freetown, high mosquito density was observed during the alternate period of dry and rainy seasons in late June and early July and during the alternate period of rainy and dry seasons in late October and early November, and the lowest mosquito density was observed in late August. In addition, the seasonal fluctuation trend of Anopheles density was consistent with that of total mosquito density. A comparative analysis of different habitats showed that the livestock sheds with poor environmental sanitation and more mosquito breeding sites had a higher mosquito density (10.40 mosquitoes/trap·night), followed by residential areas (4.45 mosquitoes/trap·night) and general working institutions (2.80 mosquitoes/trap·night), and the hospitals with better environmental sanitation and fewer breeding sites had the lowest mosquito density (1.21 mosquitoes/trap·night). Conclusion The risk of mosquito bite and malaria infection in the western rural area is higher than that in the western urban area. The alternate periods from the dry season to the rainy season and from the rainy season to the dry season are important periods for the prevention and control of mosquito vectors and their infectious diseases (including malaria). Sierra Leone needs to further strengthen the management of mosquito breeding sites.

Objective To investigate the current status of residents' awareness of dengue in Jinghong, Xishuangbanna Dai autonomous prefecture (Xishuangbanna prefecture), Yunnan province, China, and to provide a scientific basis for the establishment of accurate response mechanism and the sustainable control of dengue. Methods A representative grid was selected randomly from the grids with dengue prevention and control during the period of dengue outbreak in Jinghong in 2019. A questionnaire survey was conducted among the residents in the grid in a one-to-one question- and-answer manner. SPSS 20.0 statistical software was adopted for the statistical analysis. Results A total of 249 valid questionnaires were collected. The chi-square analysis revealed that urban residents paid more attention to dengue-related knowledge than rural residents ( χ ²=12.444, P=0.040). The education system staff and the highly educated ones paid more attention to the knowledge of mosquito control. Residents with different occupations, monthly average income levels, and levels of education chose different ways of seeking medical treatment if they were inadvertently infected with dengue. The highly educated ones, those high-income earners, and the education system staff were more inclined to go to the grade A tertiary hospitals. Urban residents held the view that there were more dengue infections around themselves than around rural residents. The highly educated population had a higher proportion of people who thought they had enough knowledge of dengue prevention and control than the less educated population. The results of unconditional logistic regression analysis demonstrated that residents with different ages, levels of education, and current places of residence showed different abilities to use new media to acquire knowledge about dengue prevention and control. Conclusion In Jinghong, Xishuangbanna prefecture, the elderly, the rural residents, the less educated people, and the low-income earners had a relatively low level of awareness of dengue. It is suggested that in future, the above-mentioned populations should be focused on in the establishment of local accurate response mechanism and the scientific prevention and control of dengue.

Objective To investigate the genotypes and distribution characteristics of the ace gene of the dengue vector Aedes albopictus (field population) in different regions of China, and to preliminarily explore their resistance mechanism to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Methods A total of 422 larvae, pupae, or adults of Ae. albopictus were collected at 14 sampling sites (14 geographical populations) in Haikou of Hainan province, Guangzhou of Guangdong province, Jinghong of Yunnan province, and Xingyi of Guizhou province from June to September 2018, and they were identified by morphology or molecular biology, soaked in anhydrous ethanol, and stored at -20℃. DNA was extracted from individual mosquito, and the partial fragment of the ace gene was amplified by PCR, sequenced, and analyzed for mutation at G119. Results There were only a few base mutations but no amino acid mutations at G119 of the ace gene. Two alleles were detected, namely wild-type GGA/G (832/98.58%) and mutant-type GGG/G (12/1.42%), and one genotype was detected, namely wild-type homozygote G/G (422/100%). Conclusion Only a few individuals of Ae. albopictus showed a base mutation at G119 of the ace gene, but the base substitution did not cause the corresponding amino acid mutation. Therefore, the resistance mechanism of Ae. albopictus to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides needs to be further explored.

Objective To investigate the levels and distribution of resistance of Aedes albopictus to several commonly used insecticides in different areas of China, and to provide guidance for the resistance control and use of insecticides in China. Methods Excel 2016 software was used to collect and organize the bioassay data on the resistance of larval and adult Ae. albopictus to pyrethroids, carbamates, and organophosphorus insecticides in China from 2017 to 2018, and the level of resistance was statistically analyzed. ArcGIS 10.3 software was used to draw the resistance map of different insecticides. Results By collecting monitoring data in 2017 and 2018 and reviewing the relevant literature, we obtained the bioassay data on the resistance of Ae. albopictus to commonly used insecticides in 15 provinces, and then analyzed the data on the resistance to pyrethroids (deltamethrin, permethrin, and beta-cypermethrin), carbamates (propoxur), and organophosphates (malathion, temephos, and DDVP). Aedes albopictus larvae developed medium and high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin, and beta-cypermethrin at 34 (85.00%), 18 (75.00%), and 33 (78.57%) monitoring sites, respectively, and the adult mosquitoes developed resistance or high resistance to deltamethrin, permethrin, and beta-cypermethrin at 34 (61.82%), 8 (34.78%), and 11 (34.38%) monitoring sites, respectively. Aedes albopictus larvae developed medium and high resistance to propoxur and temephos at 5 (27.78%) and 14 (36.84%) monitoring sites, respectively, and the adult mosquitoes developed resistance to propoxur and temephos at 7 (20.59%) and 4 (14.29%) monitoring sites, respectively. Conclusion Both adult and larval Ae. albopictus in most areas of China, especially coastal areas such as Guangdong and Fujian provinces, has developed high levels of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides; the resistance levels of carbamates and organophosphorus insecticides are relatively low. Local use of insecticides should be guided based on local conditions and the monitoring results; high-resistance insecticides should be stopped for a period of time, and the insecticides to which Ae. albopictus has developed medium and low resistance or suspected resistance should be used alternately or in combination.

Mosquitoes are the vectors of many mosquito-borne diseases in China. The common mosquito surveillance methods include mosquito larvae and adult mosquito surveillance. The major surveillance methods of mosquito larvae include Breteau index, container index, house index, Dipping, path method, and Mos-ovitrap method, while adult mosquito surveillance mainly include human landing collection, labor hour method, double mosquito net method, light trap method, and BG-Sentinel trap, etc. This article summarizes the traditional methods and new technologies in recent years for mosquito surveillance in China, then introduces strengths and weaknesses of the methods mentioned above, which can provide a reference for the development of scientific schemes and new technology for mosquito surveillance in future.